<h1>Coastal Protection</h1>
<p>Singapore's coastal protection programme is the long-horizon defence of a low-lying island city against rising seas, storm surges, and the interaction of high tides with intense rainfall. Around 30% of Singapore's land sits below five metres above mean sea level, and homes, ports, airports, industry, and recreation cluster along the coast (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). PUB, Singapore's national water agency, was appointed the national coastal protection agency in 2020 and leads Whole-of-Government planning through its Coastal Protection Department, while inland drainage upgrades remain part of the same flood-resilience mandate (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/-/media/PUB/PDF/PUB_SR_2022_Final.pdf">PUB sustainability report 2022, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The programme is distinct from <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.geography-urban-planning.land-reclamation">land reclamation</a> as a land-creation tool: coastal protection may use reclamation, but its purpose is flood defence and shoreline resilience, not expanding territory for development alone.</p>
<h2>Sea-level rise and coastal flood risk</h2>
<p>The climate science that drives Singapore's coastal protection planning comes from the Third National Climate Change Study (V3), released in January 2024 by the Centre for Climate Research Singapore under the Meteorological Service Singapore. V3 projects that mean sea level around Singapore could rise by 0.23–0.74 m by 2100 under a low-emissions pathway (SSP1-2.6), 0.34–0.88 m under a medium pathway (SSP2-4.5), and 0.54–1.15 m under a high-emissions pathway (SSP5-8.5), relative to the 1995–2014 baseline; by 2150, projections under the high pathway reach up to around 2 m (<a href="https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/latest-climate-projections-for-singapore-show-intensifying-urban-heat-and-more-wet-dry-extremes">NEA V3 release, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The upper bound for 2100 exceeds the previous V2 estimate of about 1 m, largely because of improved understanding of Antarctic ice-sheet melt (<a href="https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/latest-climate-projections-for-singapore-show-intensifying-urban-heat-and-more-wet-dry-extremes">NEA V3 release, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<p>Coastal flooding in Singapore is not only a slow mean-sea-level problem. Extreme sea levels combine tides, waves, and storm surges; when they coincide with heavy rain and inland drainage under pressure, low areas can flood even before permanent inundation becomes common. East Coast Park already experiences sporadic coastal flooding when high tide coincides with heavy rainfall (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). PUB's Coastal-Inland Flood Model — a computational system simulating inland and coastal flood risks together — was commissioned in 2021 to evaluate infrastructure designs under multiple climate scenarios and to support site-specific studies (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2021/04/PUB-COMMENCES-DEVELOPMENT-OF-COASTAL">PUB, accessed Apr 2021</a>). Singapore's physical setting — flat relief, short rivers, engineered coasts — is summarised in <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.geography-urban-planning.physical-geography-and-climate">physical geography and climate</a>; coastal protection translates those vulnerabilities into decades-long capital programmes.</p>
<h2>PUB's role, funding, and legal framework</h2>
<p>PUB coordinates coastal protection across agencies rather than treating each shoreline as an isolated project. Singapore's roughly 300 km of coastline is segmented for site-specific studies (SSS) because geology, land use, and operational needs differ sharply between, for example, a container port, a petrochemical island, a public beach, and a housing estate (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Construction of recommended measures is expected to ramp up from the 2030s and may stretch over two decades or longer (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/budget-2025-additional-5-billion-injected-into-coastal-and-flood-protection-fund">ST on Budget 2025 fund, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<p>Financing sits in the Coastal and Flood Protection Fund, established in Budget 2020 with an initial S$5 billion injection for coastal protection and drainage infrastructure. Budget 2025 added another S$5 billion; PUB stated the top-up would fund capital and non-recurrent operational expenditure, with use expected to ramp up toward the end of the decade as designs firm up (<a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/budget-2025-additional-5-billion-injected-into-coastal-and-flood-protection-fund">ST on Budget 2025 fund, accessed Aug 2026</a>). From FY2021 to FY2023, about S$200 million of the fund went mainly to drainage projects such as the Syed Alwi Pumping Station, Alkaff Lake, and Bukit Timah Canal upgrades (<a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/budget-2025-additional-5-billion-injected-into-coastal-and-flood-protection-fund">ST on Budget 2025 fund, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<p>The legal framework shifted in 2026. The Coastal Protection and Other Amendments Act 2026 amends the Sewerage and Drainage Act 1999, renaming it the Sewerage, Drainage and Coastal Protection Act (SDCPA) and introducing coastal protection obligations alongside existing drainage law (<a href="https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill---opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu/">MSE 2nd-reading speech, accessed 11 Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2026/06/New-Code-of-Practice-on-Coastal-Protection-to-strengthen-Singapore-coastal-resilience">PUB CPCOP release, accessed 11 Aug 2026</a>). The Minister for Sustainability and the Environment stated in March 2026 that affected landowners' legal obligations would begin closer to the early 2030s, after Absolute Protection Boundaries and Protection Boundaries are gazetted, though the statutory amendments commence earlier (<a href="https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill---opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu/">MSE, accessed 11 Aug 2026</a>). A capital grant will cover studies, services diversion, and construction of mandated measures, sized to cost norms and paid in tranches after obligations are formally imposed (<a href="https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill---opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu/">MSE, accessed 11 Aug 2026</a>). The programme sits under the <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.environment-sustainability.green-plan-2030">green plan 2030</a> Resilient Future pillar, which targets completion of coastal protection plans for City-East Coast, the north-west coast, and Jurong Island by 2030 as the planning milestone before heavy engineering.</p>
<h2>Engineering measures and the coastal toolkit</h2>
<p>Singapore's coastal protection toolkit mixes hard infrastructure, land raising, gated barriers, and reclamation-linked defences rather than a single seawall standard. Common elements include revetments and seawalls (existing walls can be raised where present), tidal gates that close during high tide while staying open by default to preserve sea views and maritime access, pumping stations to discharge stormwater when gates are closed, coastal barriers at shoreline openings, and land reclamation to higher elevations that form a continuous defensive line (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/08/Coastal-Barriers">PUB coastal barriers release, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Polders — diked land below mean sea level with active pumping, as at north-west Pulau Tekong — are another adaptation pattern used where fill savings justify permanent drainage obligations (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/09/Tekong-Polder">PUB Tekong polder release, accessed Aug 2026</a>; see <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.geography-urban-planning.land-reclamation">land reclamation</a>).</p>
<p>Design philosophy emphasises keeping barriers open by default where possible so shipping, port operations, and waterfront recreation continue, rather than building continuous walls along entire coastlines that would block views and consume waterfront land (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/08/Coastal-Barriers">PUB coastal barriers release, accessed Aug 2026</a>). At Changi South, PUB recommends revetments or seawalls, with potential to raise existing structures and to incorporate aesthetic and recreational value (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/08/Coastal-Barriers">PUB coastal barriers release, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Some operational sites — shipyards and ferry terminals among them — may use deployable measures such as sliding gates and raised barriers activated when coastal flooding is forecast, rather than permanent walls alone (<a href="https://www.eco-business.com/news/singapore-unveils-coastal-defence-rules-requiring-long-term-protection-against-rising-seas/">Eco-Business on CPCOP, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Nature-based and hybrid solutions are explored especially where reclamation and protection are integrated, to limit environmental impact (<a href="https://www.ura.gov.sg/land-planning/planning-strategies/urban-resilience/long-island/">URA Long Island, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<h2>Site-specific studies and major shoreline programmes</h2>
<p>Coastal protection advances through SSS that recommend segment-specific measures before design and construction in the 2030s. The first completed SSS covers City-East Coast, comprising East Coast–Marina (including Long Island), Changi, and the Greater Southern Waterfront (GSW) (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/08/Coastal-Barriers">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). For GSW, the study recommends coastal barriers protecting a substantial portion of the coastline; for Changi, a mix of raised structures and tidal gates; together with Long Island, these form a continuous line of defence for the City-East Coast segment (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/08/Coastal-Barriers">PUB coastal barriers release, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<p><strong>Long Island</strong> is the flagship integrated project for the East Coast. Announced in 2023, it entails reclaiming about 800 hectares off East Coast Park — potentially as elongated land tracts from Marina East to Tanah Merah — to create a raised continuous defensive line, Singapore's 18th reservoir bordered by the park and new land, two centralised barrages and pumping stations (analogous to <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.environment-sustainability.water-story">Marina Barrage</a>), and roughly 20 km of new waterfront parks within a longer southern coastal park chain (<a href="https://www.ura.gov.sg/land-planning/planning-strategies/urban-resilience/long-island/">URA Long Island, accessed Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Twelve existing outlet drains along East Coast would drain into the new reservoir; barrages keep seawater out during high tide and discharge stormwater during heavy rain (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Technical studies began in 2024; preparatory works west of Bedok Jetty are scheduled from end-2026 (<a href="https://www.ura.gov.sg/land-planning/planning-strategies/urban-resilience/long-island/">URA Long Island, accessed Aug 2026</a>). An alternative "seawall plus 12 tidal gates" option along the existing park was studied but rejected as disruptive to park users and permanently limiting waterfront access (<a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/long-island-to-be-reclaimed-off-east-coast-could-add-800ha-of-land-and-singapore-s-18th-reservoir">ST on Long Island, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<p><strong>Jurong Island</strong> coastal protection is led by JTC with PUB, balancing petrochemical operations, waterfront access, and business continuity (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). <strong>North-west coast</strong> studies are split: Tuas Checkpoint to Lim Chu Kang jetty (commenced 2022) and Lim Chu Kang to Woodlands (launched 2023), covering agri-food zones and military training areas among other uses (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). <strong>Sentosa Island and the south-west coast</strong> were slated for new SSS starting by 2026 (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2025/03/Urgency-to-Strengthen-Coastal-Defences">PUB, accessed Aug 2026</a>). At GSW, options studied include centralised coastal barriers at the eastern and western ends of Sentosa and Brani versus decentralised walls along the full coastline (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Public/KeyInitiatives/Flood-Resilience/Coastal-Protection/Coastal-Protection-Plan/City-East-Coast">PUB City-East Coast plan, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<h2>Critical perspectives: landowner obligations and the Code of Practice</h2>
<p>From 2028, coastal landowners face explicit engineering and maintenance duties under the Code of Practice on Coastal Protection (CPCOP), developed by PUB to operationalise the SDCPA (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2026/06/New-Code-of-Practice-on-Coastal-Protection-to-strengthen-Singapore-coastal-resilience">PUB CPCOP release, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The CPCOP sets planning, design, operations, inspection, and maintenance requirements; measures must meet a stipulated Coastal Protection Level against permanent and transient coastal flooding and be designed with adaptability for future climate projections (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2026/06/New-Code-of-Practice-on-Coastal-Protection-to-strengthen-Singapore-coastal-resilience">PUB CPCOP release, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Implementation can be incremental or single-build, giving flexibility to phase upgrades (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2026/06/New-Code-of-Practice-on-Coastal-Protection-to-strengthen-Singapore-coastal-resilience">PUB CPCOP release, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<p>Obligations attach to owners of prescribed places under the SDCPA — categories include land within an Absolute Protection Boundary, transiently floodable coastal areas, sheltered structures within those areas, and nearshore or offshore structures (<a href="https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/2nd-reading-of-the-coastal-protection-bill---opening-speech-by-minister-grace-fu/">MSE 2nd-reading speech, accessed 11 Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2026/06/New-Code-of-Practice-on-Coastal-Protection-to-strengthen-Singapore-coastal-resilience">PUB CPCOP release, accessed 11 Aug 2026</a>). Landowners consult the Coastal Protection Interpretation Plan and engage qualified professionals to meet Protection Boundary requirements (<a href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/Resources/News-Room/PressReleases/2026/06/New-Code-of-Practice-on-Coastal-Protection-to-strengthen-Singapore-coastal-resilience">PUB CPCOP release, accessed 11 Aug 2026</a>). Sea-level planning benchmarks in the CPCOP distinguish lease length: landowners with at least 30 years remaining must plan for up to 2.15 m of sea-level rise by 2150 under worst-case scenarios (with phased builds starting at 0.7 m), while those with less than 30 years plan for 0.7 m; actual defence heights may be higher after adding storm surge, tide, and wave allowances (<a href="https://www.eco-business.com/news/singapore-unveils-coastal-defence-rules-requiring-long-term-protection-against-rising-seas/">Eco-Business on CPCOP, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Measures must remain functional for at least 120 years, with regular inspection and annual compliance declarations to PUB (<a href="https://www.eco-business.com/news/singapore-unveils-coastal-defence-rules-requiring-long-term-protection-against-rising-seas/">Eco-Business on CPCOP, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Owners of transiently floodable areas must submit flood response plans and conduct annual drills (<a href="https://www.eco-business.com/news/singapore-unveils-coastal-defence-rules-requiring-long-term-protection-against-rising-seas/">Eco-Business on CPCOP, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<p>The shift from state-built seawalls to shared responsibility marks a structural change: even as PUB coordinates national shoreline defence, private and agency landowners on the coast become owners and maintainers of protection within their plots, backed by grants and gazetted boundaries. Coastal protection in Singapore is therefore both a civil-engineering megaproject spanning generations and a regulatory regime that binds future redevelopment on the waterfront.</p>